History of Palestine (The Zionist Occupation After 1948 war)

The Zionist Occupation After 1948 war

In 1956

many slaughters were committed in “Khan Younes camp”, “qalqelia”, “Kafar Qasem”, and Ghaza

1967
The seven days war
In the war of 1967 israel made air strikes against Palestinian cities and towns, these air strikes made more than 350000 Palestinians to migrate to new camps that were created to receive this large number of refugees.

1973
October War
In 1973 Egypt joined Syria in a surprising attack against Israel in the sixth of October, which was a religious day in Israel, and a sacred day to fast. The Israel forces weren’t able to push back the attack after the Arab forces controlled the war, and after a lot of losses in equipments and lives.

The Soviet Union was one of the great forces that supported the Arabs, in addition to Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia that was offering funds to get high-tech weapons from the Soviet Union. Also, The Arab countries cut their supplies of petrol from America and other western countries because of supporting Israel.

Israel didn’t have a choice but to rely on the United States economically, and militarily, but even that didn’t help Israel.

So, America focused on peaceful solutions. Therefore, president Richard Nixon sent his secretary of foreign affairs Henry Kiesinger to negotiate to cease-fire between Israel, Egypt, and Syria which was a success in stopping the battle in 1974.

1978
Menahiam Begin was the first Israeli prime minister to sign a peace resolution with an arab country after “Anwar Al-Sadat “ the Egyptian president invited him to negotiate.

After a long talk in “camp david” between the two countries a peace resolution was signed in 26 march 1979 with the sponsorship of Jimmy Carter the US president.

1982
Israel invades Lebanon.

16/9/1982
The Slaughter of Sabrah and Shateela

This slaughter remained for three days, even if the direct executors were Lebanon’s, but the real executors were leaders of the Israel forces. As a result of these slaughters women, children, and the elders, more than 3500 people were killed in these slaughters.

1987
The Uprising

In the early 80s the Palestine-Israel relations entered a new period of instability. The Palestinian Intifada started as strikes, protests, rock throwing, and militarily operations against the Israel forces. In return the Israel army suppressed these protests with violence, ruining houses, and confiscating lands, which moved the Palestine-Israel case, and charged a lot of charges against Israel by the United States and the United Nations.

History of Palestine (The Zionist Occupation Before 1948)

The Zionist Occupation Before 1948

First: The period before the year 1948

The first Zionist conference in 29/8/1897: This conference was held in the city of Bazel in Switzerland, where was the establishment of Zionism and Palestine was chose to be a homeland for Jews.

The fourth Zionist conference in 1904: In this conference Argentina was approved to be the homeland for Jews.

In 1906 the Zionism parliament decided that the homeland for Jews is going to be in Palestine.

In 1914 with the beginning of the first world war the united kingdom promised the Arabs to help them get their independence from the Ottoman Empire in the condition of entering the war along with the united kingdom against the Ottoman empire which entered the war along with Germany.

16/5/1916

The Sykes-Picot Agreement was signed between France and Britain to share the Ottoman empire, under this agreement Syria and Lebanon where put under the control of France, and Jordan and Iraq where put under the control of the United kingdom. Palestine was agreed to be an international area.

2/11/1917

In 2 November 1917 the British government published the Balfour declaration in the form of a letter send by its foreign minister James Arthur Balfour to the leader of Zionism where Balfour pledged that the queens government will do its best to achieve the goal of making Palestine a homeland for Jews.

In 1918: As a result of the Balfour declaration the Jewish immigration to Palestine started.

1919

The First Palestinian conference: In this conference the Arabs and Palestinians condemned and refused the Balfour declaration.

4-10/4/1920

The revolutions started and the “twenty’s revolution” took place.

26/4/1920

The Conference of San Remo was held, in this conference the participated countries approved the Balfour declaration, and the British mandate on Palestine was imposed.

1/7/1920

The commencement of the British civilian rule on Palestine, and Herbert Samuel was set as a representative in Palestine.

20/10/1920

With Herbert Samuel as a representative in Palestine, Palestinian lands were sold to Jews, which was the beginning of the Zionist occupation.

1-15/5/1921

The Yafa revolution between the Palestinians and Jews broke out.

3/7/1922

The first white book

In 3/7/1922 the British government published the white book in the purpose of explaining the Balfour declaration to reassure the Arabs.

In 24/7/1922 the united nations approved the instrument of the British mandate on Palestine.

The Protests/The Buraq revolution

In August 1929 the first wide attack launched by the Arabs against Jews took place in Jerusalem, in this fight the Arabs killed 133 Jew and 116 Arab was killed.

The united kingdom promised the Jews to help them build up a homeland for them in Palestine, As long as the rights of the natives are preserved, but even until now Britain didn’t achieve her promise for the Arabs to protect their civilian and religious rights.

1930

The second white book

The British minister of colonies “Lord Basfield” published a second white book  identified the number of Jewish immigrants.

1936

The six months strike because of  the confiscation of Palestinian lands and the Jewish immigration.

1937-1939

The Palestinian Great Revolt

1947-1948

44 slaughters were committed against the people of Palestine.

1947

The Division plan

After Seven years of wars and with Britain’s desire to withdraw from its military camps, the united kingdom decided to leave Palestine and asked the UN to present its recommendations.

Where a project to divide Palestine to two countries Palestinian and Jewish was proposed As long as Jerusalem stays as an international area.

This Proposal was approved by 33 members and refused by 13 with the aid of the Soviet Union and The United States Of America with Britain’s omission from voting.

18/3/1948

Haem Wizeman gets a promise from the president of the united states Henry Truman to create a Jewish nation.

19/3/1948

As a result of Trumans promise the united nations approves an American project that cancels the division plan.

14/5/1948

When the Jewish leaders ensured Britain’s desire to withdraw from Palestine in 15/5/1948, Zionism decided in Tal Abeeb in 14 May to form a parliament that represents the Jewish people and Zionism, that parliament declared the creation of the Jewish nation in Palestine called Israel and the immigration door was opened to all Jews.

1948

The first Arab-Israel War

In 15 May after a day of declaring the establishment of Israel armies from Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq with other arab and Palestinian fighters started an overall war against Zionism.

The war stopped after four cease-fire declarations by the UN between Israel, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria.

One of the results of this war was the occupation of 78% of Palestinians lands by Israel and the flee of more than 750000 Palestinians.

8/12/1948

The United nations relief and works agency for refugees “UNRWA” was established.

History of Palestine (The Ottoman Era & The British Mandate)

The Ottoman Era & The British Mandate

        

The battle of Marj Dabeq in 1516 opened the path for the Ottomans to control the greater Syria, and Egypt after defeating the Mamluks.

In January 1516 the Ottoman Sultan Salem the First got to the walls of Jerusalem, without any resistance. The City Scientists came out to meet him and give him the city keys, Sultan Salem prayed in front of the city walls, and the city stayed without any fights.

That was the beginning of the Ottoman era that remained for 4 centuries, in this period The Ottoman nation was ranging between strength and weakness. The Ottoman era also witnessed the increase of the European influence in the Arabian land.

The Ottoman Sultan Sleman Al-Qanoni built the walls of Jerusalem, which took 5 years to complete, renovated the city’s doors, founded mosques, fountains, and renewed the Dome Of the Rock.

Generally, Jerusalem had a lot of attention, whether from building and renovating the city, or founding schools that were about 99 schools during the Ottoman period. Nevertheless, Al-Aqsa mosque remained serving as a educational foundation.

However, the degradation in the Ottoman nation beginning in the eighteenth century had an effect on Jerusalem, and it effected in particularly the educational institutions. But that period also witnessed the grow of Jerusalem, its extension outside its walls, and a railroad between Jerusalem and  Yafa was established.

Historians agree that the Ottoman era that started strong was a victim of disorder, which was mostly in Palestine. After the first period of the Ottoman era, which witnessed a great interest in Jerusalem, the Ottoman nation had to resist the uprisings in Palestine against the Ottomans especially with the European intervention in Palestine and Ottoman lands.

Also, Palestine witnessed a French attack with the lead of Napoleon Bonaparte, and a campaign sent by Ibrahim Basha the son of Mohammad Ali basha. Jerusalem was under the Egyptian influence between 1831 and 1840.

Jerusalem was a center of a lot of European movements, that started since the 18th century. Those interventions were planning to divide the Ottoman nation, and with the weakness of the Ottomans Zionists began sneaking into Palestine and Jerusalem.

Many historians admit with admire the attitude of the Sultan Abd Al-Hamid that refused the Zionist interests to give up Palestine, and Jerusalem particularly.

In the period of the Unionists the Zionist penetrate to Palestine was big especially after the Ottoman sultan declared his agree to found a neighborhood for Jews in Jerusalem.

In 1917 the Ottoman Governance in Palestine ended, and the Britains invaded Jerusalem.

The British Mandate on Palestine:

 The British Mandate On Palestine is a power that ruled Palestine for 28 years between July 1920 and May 1948, with the borders that Britain and France declared after dividing the Ottoman empire, and as a result of the Sayfer agreement in 11 September 1922 the United nations declared the British mandate on Palestine official.

The mandate area covered the area what is known today as historical Palestine (That is the area that includes all the Palestinian lands, in addition to eastern Jordan. Jerusalem was the capital of the mandate, where the British Governor lived.

At the debut of the mandate Britain declared that its goal is to accomplish what the Balfour declaration promised the Jews, which is opening the door for Jews, who desire to immigrate to Palestine, and establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

However, in the mid thirties of the 20th century Britain changed its policy, and tried to stop the Jewish immigration to Palestine.

Britain and France had already agreed on dividing the greater Syria between them in a secret agreement in 16 May 1916. In April 1920 The countries of agreement that won in world war 1 met in the Italian city San Remo to decide how to divide the land from the Ottoman empire. In this conference all sides agreed to give Palestine to Britain.

History of Palestine (The Battle Of Hattin)

The Battle Of Hattin

 

The Battle Of Hattin:

Salah Al-Deen prepared his army from 12 thousand soldiers to the decisive battle against the crusaders. The crusaders prepared themselves, gathered their kings and armies, and formed an army out of 63 thousand soldiers.

Salah Al-Deen passed the Jordan river, freed Tabariah without its castle, and the clashes started on Friday, but it got serious on Saturday 4 July 1187.

The crusaders suffered from thirst, hot temperatures, and the siege by the Muslims because they burned the grass from around them. The Muslims were able to kill 30 thousand soldiers, and catch another 30 thousand as hostages, between the hostages were all the crusaders kings except the king of Tarablus, the king of  Jerusalem with his brother.

This is the battle of Hattin, one of the most virtuous wars in the Islamic, and Palestinian history. The war ended with Salah Al-Deen Al-Ayobi kneeling to God thankfully, after putting down the crusaders tent, and capturing their king.

After the Hattin war the path was opened for the Muslims to free the rest of Palestine, in a few days Tabariah, Aaka were freed, Nablis, Al-Janeen, Altoor, Bisan, Yafa, along with other Palestinian cities. The Muslims headed North to free Seeda(29 July), Beirut(6 August), and Jbeel, then they headed south to continue freeing Palestine, so they opened AlKhaleel, AlRamlah, Beit lahem, and Ghaza. All that was accomplished by Salah Al-Deen in approximately 2 months. However, some areas required years of siege to break into.

Freeing Jerusalem:

Looks were focused on Jerusalem, so Salah Al-Deen prepared his army, began surrounding it in 20 September 1187. Inside Jerusalem were 60 thousand crusaders soldiers that were willing to die rather than give up Jerusalem. During the days of its siege many clashes occurred, Muslims tried breaking into the city, and the crusaders asked for peace, and to give up Jerusalem in return, but Salah Al-Deen disapproved, and he wanted to treat the crusaders the same way they treated Muslims when they invaded the land 90 years ago. Then they asked for peace again, and threatened to kill thousands of Muslim hostages, kill their wives, burn their houses, sabotage the Dome Of The Rock, and then they’ll fight until the end.

Therefore, Salah Al-Deen consulted his companions, and agreed to decline peace with the crusaders. Jerusalem was opened by the Muslims in 2 October 1187, with a lot of mercy and tolerance shown by Salah Al-Deen Al-Ayobi, which was admitted by the crusaders themselves.   

Therefore, Jerusalem returned to be ruled by the flag of Islam after 88 years, and The Dome Of The Rock took back its splendor.

We must mention that Salah Al-Deen continued freeing the other cities and castles that were ruled by the crusaders. That way the land of Palestine was ruled by Muslims again, but these victories didn’t remain as a new page of conflicts and challenges was opened.

History of Palestine (Salah Al-Deen Al-Ayobi)

Salah Al-Deen Al-Ayobi

Salah Al-Din Al-Ayobi came  after Noor Al-Den Mahmoud-, and he followed the footsteps of those before him like Noor Al-Deen. Therefore, the Islamic solution to defeat the crusaders forces, and retrieve the holy land was drawn.

When Salah Al-Deen Al-Ayobi came Noor Al-Deen Mahmoud had already prepared the necessary circumstances to retrieve the holy land, and Salah Al-Deen Al-Ayobi used these circumstances in the best way, and with great organization.

Salah Al-Deen Al-Ayobi was born in Takreet, which his father Youssef Bin Ayoob was its magistrate, in the year 532 Higri, 1137 A.C. He entered in the service of Noor Al-Deen along with his father and uncle, his uncle Asad Al-Deen Sherkoh participated in Noor Al-Deen 3 campaigns against Egypt, and he became its magistrate when he was 32 years old.

Salah Al-Deen Al-Ayobi was described that he was with a fine religion, always participated in prayers, he loved listening to the quran, always persistent to listen to the prophets stories, and he was always relied on.

Salah Al-Deen Al-Ayobi died without enough money to pay the Zakat duty, he was determined to go to Al-Haaj in the year he died in, but he couldn’t go because of the lack of time

The Conflict on The succession of Noureddine:

When Noureddine died his son  Al-Saleh Ismael was the next caliph, he was young just eleven years old, so the conflict between princes grew, and deviated opinions were common. The crusaders became greed, and attacked the muslims but “Ibn Al-moqadam” stood up against them in Banyas, but he couldn’t defeat them, so he offered them money to achieve truce with the crusaders.

Because of the disorder, Hereditary systems of governance were opened once again, with the disappearance of Constitutional institutions, and the conflict on power and influence, A new period of conflicts and disagreements between Muslims was opened, which delayed the battle against the crusaders that Noureddine was preparing. As a result of these circumstances Salah Al-Deen Al-Ayobi had to fight to unite the Arab forces again, and he succeeded after 12 years.

In Rabee the first 570 Hijri – November 1174 Salah Al-Deen added Damascus to his mandate, in December he added Homs without it’s castle, then Hama, and Baalbak, then he came back and controlled Homs’s castle. All this time Salah Al-Deen was loyal to Al-Saleh Bin Noureddine, he minted the coins with Al-Saleh’s name. But After a battle that Salah Al-Deen won against the Zangit soldiers of Halab and Al-Mousil, he stopped minting coins in Al-Saleh’s name, he was called (The king of Egypt and Al-Sham), and the caliph agreed.

The period between 569-582 Higri was full of furious battles with the crusaders, that had a big role on maintaining the dignity of Muslims, recognizing the enemy’s weaknesses, and not giving the enemy the opportunity to get stronger and spread to other lands, nevertheless Salah Al-Deen didn’t have a decisive battle against the crusaders.

We will now talk about the most important events with the crusaders in this period. In 570 Higri the Muslims defeated the crusaders fleet that was coming from Seqliah and attacked Alexandria with 50,000 soldiers. In 573 higri Salah Al-Deen attacked the crusaders from Egypt, and he opened it after a lot of killing. Then Salah Al-Deens army backed up when they saw that the crusaders didn’t show any defence Salah Al-Deen marched to Al-Ramla when the crusaders surprised him with an ambush, that was a lesson for Salah Al-Deen.

When the year 583 higri came the circumstances for a decisive battle between the Muslims and Crusaders were ready, and who was better to defeat the crusaders and offend their dignity than Salah Al-Deen Al-Ayobi.

Before we mention the events of the battle of Hattin, we should mention the strategy of battle that Salah Al-Deen used against the crusaders:

1. Starting from a strong and safe base.
2. Building a community for war.

To make sure that any hates between Muslim Emirates, and to focus all the hate to the crusaders. Salah Al-Deen also built Ship factories.

1. The clarity of the goal.

Which was represented in leading the Islamic nation to drive out the crusaders out of the land, this clarity helped by increasing the efficiency of management, it also helped by identifying the goals of the militarily operations.

1. Care for Muslims

Salah Al-Deen always cared for Muslims to achieve the goal of the war, and he cared for the war to protect Muslims.

Salah Al-Deen Al-Ayobi achieved in his wars the primary principles of fighting.

For the Muslim army Salah Al-Deen raised their spirit to fight, increased their physical efficiency, and confirmed the importance of discipline.

History of Palestine (Palestine Before Islam)

Palestine Before Islam

Humans lived in Palestine since the old ages, there are monuments that return to the Old Stone Age (500 thousand-14 thousand B.C.).

In the modern stone age there (8000-4500 B.C.), the human life became more stable, and humans began to produce food rather than collecting it from hunting. In “Areha” the first signs of stability appeared, and it’s considered until now one of the oldest cities of the world.

During the third millennium before Christ the Amorites and the Canaanites immigrated to Palestine as long as the Phoenicians. The Canaanites settled down in the plains of Palestine, the Amorites lived in the mountains, and the Phoenicians settled down in the north coast of Palestine and Lebanon.

Historians see that the Amorites, Canaanites, and the Phoenicians  immigrated from the Arabian Peninsula and that the current people of Palestine are a breed from these ancient peoples or Arabs and Muslims that settled down in Palestine as a result of the Islamic conquest.

The Canaanites immigration was huge, so they became the native residents of Palestine, and the name “the land of Canaan” is the oldest name that Palestine was known as.

The Canaanites founded most of the cities of Palestine and they were not beneath two hundred cities during the second millennium before Christ and before the Hebrews Jews came to it, (Areeha, Jerusalem, Nabless, Bisan, Aaka, Heifa, Alkhaleel, and Beit Lahem are the oldest cities of Palestine).

In the Middle Bronze Age the Hyksos ruled the land during the centuries (18-16 B.C.), and in this age about 1900 B.C Abraham peace be upon him with his brother Lut PBUH came to Palestine, where Ismail, Yaakoub, and Isaac peace be upon them were born.

The historical monuments show that Moses PBUH leaded the people of Israel towards the holy land, then the establishment of Kingdom of Dawood and Slemman peace be upon them took place 1004-923 B.C that divided to the kingdom of Israel 923-722 B.C and the kingdom of Judah 923-586 B.C, each one of the kingdoms ruled a limited part of the land.

Since 730 B.C Palestine became under the Assyrians rule that came from Iraq, until 645 B.C the Babylonians inherited the land from them to 539 B.C, the Assyrians and the Babylonians traded the power on Palestine along with Egypt.

Then the Persians invaded Palestine and ruled it between 539-332 B.C, after the Persians Palestine became under the influence of the Romans. After the Roman empire divided Palestine became under the power of the eastern Roman empire, and it’s capital was Constantine , until the Islamic conquest freed Palestine and gave an Islamic impression in the year 636.

History of Palestine (Palestine Under the Persian and Greek Occupation)

Palestine Under the Persian and Greek Occupation

Palestine Under the Persian Occupation

Persians invaded Palestine in 539 B.C and occupied it after Babylon. Palestine remained under the hegemony of the Persians for two centuries. During that time the remnants of Yehud tribe of Babylon captives returned to Jerusalem.

Babylonians allowed the exiled Jews to keep their identity and religion, some of them wrote theological books, and many historical books in that period. Of those books was the Old Testament which was rewritten after the ancient manuscripts in the temple had been burnt by Nebuchadnezzar.

When great Cyrus ruled Persia, he conquered Babylon kingdom in 539 B.C and let the jews go back to Jedua in Palestine. He gave them an autonomy there. So, they renewed the walls of Jerusalem and classified the Torah which became the symbol of their social and religious life.

Do the Persian Magus whose descendants live in India as heirs of their forefathers who flew away there from the Islamic Conquest have right to claim for Jerusalem because their ancestors ruled it for two hundred years?

Palestine During the Greek Occupation

Triumph of Alexander the Great over the Persians is considered one of the most important events of the fourth century B.C. He occupied Syria including Gaza and Jerusalem and annexed them to the Greek Empire in 322 B.C.

After his death, his empire was divided between the leaders of his army. Palestine  was put under Antiochus who was defeated, then, by the Ptolemies in Gaza in 321 B.C. Palestine was under Antiochus III. Palestine went on being unstable suffering from wars, and disorders under the reign of many rulers such as the Maccabees and the Arab Nabataeans for 90 years. It was annexed to their capital, Petra, until the Roman occupied it.